RESUMEN
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 causes a dreadful Coronavirus Disease namely COVID-19. Respiratory system is the primary target of the virus. It also impairs other major organs such as kidney, heart, liver, brain etc. Multiple novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 have appeared since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic occurred which are linked to increased virulence, disease transmission and severity. The virus attacks the host signalling pathways to maintain a favourable environment for its spread. The present study focuses on the comprehensive analysis of major signaling pathways affected due to several variants of SARS-CoV-2 leading to abnormalities in cell growth and differentiation. The information was curated from the weblinks of several platforms like WHO, CDC, PANGO, Nextstrain clade and GISAID clade. The data on signaling pathways and comorbidities was generated by screening of different research and review articles. SARS-CoV-2 consolidates the cytoskeleton of the host for effective cell invasion and modulates the transcription processes to enable the translation of viral protein(s). These events lead to significant increase and prolonged hyper inflammation. Further, a decreased interferon (IFN) response along with increased interleukin production leading to cytokine storm is observed. Deregulation of interleukin pathways, TNF-alpha signalling through JAK/STAT-3 signalling, MAPK1, mTOR, PI3K are few other signalling pathways that are affected on SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review represents a comprehensive analysis of the vigorous life cycle of SARS CoV-2, its different variants affecting host signalling pathways which eventually cause dysfunctioning of several organs and development of comorbidities.
RESUMEN
Amidst declining trends of Indian macroeconomic indicators during COVID-19 period, certain indicators, which can be takes as proxies of investors' behaviour, sentiments and biases, were discerned in Indian securities markets. The study provides significant insight into sentiments and biases of a particular segment of retail investors trading in uncertain times of COVID-19, whose investment behaviour may have serious impact on their financial well-being in the long-term. This exploratory-descriptive study uses data collected by various regulators and government sources in India and abroad to evaluate the behaviour of investors in the backdrop of macroeconomic trends during COVID-19. After analysing the trends of investor participation, trading behaviour and general sentiment in the Indian capital markets and evaluating the implications of these investor-related behaviours on the financial well-being of individual investors, a comprehensive and segmented approach of financial literacy has been recommended to safeguard financial well-being of investors.
RESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a major disruption of education worldwide, affecting an estimated 1.6 million students. Classroom education has been suspended and will be replaced by e-learning online forums. In higher education, e-learning is made available through recorded lectures, and online forums become an integral part of the entire system. With this background 6G plays a vital role for online learning platforms by providing high-speed uninterrupted internet. While fifth generation (5G) dispatches are being rolled out worldwide, sixth generation (6G) dispatches have attracted important attention from both the assiduity and academia with respect to online learning. Though 6G is supposed to have more advanced capabilities than 5G, there's yet no clear description of what 6G is. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, is anticipated to be stationed between 2027 and 2030. Beyond 5G, some abecedarian issues that need to be addressed are advanced system capacity, advanced data rate, lower latency, and bettered quality of service (QoS) compared to the 5G system. This paper presents the vision of unborn 6G wireless communication and its conditions and operations. We bandy the arising technologies similar to artificial intelligence, terahertz dispatches, optic wireless technology, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, unmanned upstanding vehicle, cell free dispatches, holographic beamforming, and big data analytics that can help the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing QoS. We present the anticipated operations similar as mm-Wave and Internet of Things (IoT) with the conditions and the possible technologies for 6G communication. We also outline the possible challenges as cost, sequestration, transceiver design, and energy and exploration enterprise to reach this thing. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Zdzislaw Polkowski, Samarjeet Borah, Sambit Kumar Mishra, and Darshana Desai;individual chapters, the contributors.